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'''Laudanum''' is a [[tincture]] of [[opium]] containing approximately 10% powdered opium [[w/v|by weight]] (the equivalent of 1% [[morphine]]).<ref>Also labeled Tr. Opii, Tinctura Opii Deodorati, Tincture of Deodorized Opium, Opii tinctura. Tincture of Opium, U.S.P, "yields, from each 100 cc, not less than 0.95 gm and not more than 1.05 gm of anhydrous morphine". Source: ''The Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America''. 10th Decennial revision (U.S.P. X). Philadelphia, USA. J. B. Lippincott Company, 1925 (Official from January 1, 1926), page 400.</ref>

Reddish-brown and extremely bitter, laudanum contains almost all of the opium [[Opioid#Opium alkaloids|alkaloids]], including morphine and [[codeine]]. Laudanum was historically used to [[therapy|treat]] a variety of conditions, but its principal use was as a [[analgesic|pain medication]] and [[Cold medicine|cough suppressant]]. Until the early 20th century, laudanum was sold without a [[medical prescription|prescription]] and was a constituent of many [[patent medicine]]s. Today, laudanum is recognized as [[Addiction|addictive]] and is strictly regulated and controlled as such throughout most of the world. The United States [[Uniform Controlled Substances Act]], for one example, lists it on Schedule II.

Laudanum is known as a "whole opium" preparation since it historically contained all the opium alkaloids. Today, however, the drug is often processed to remove all or most of the [[noscapine]] (also called ''narcotine'') present as this is a strong [[emetic]] and does not add appreciably to the analgesic or [[antipropulsive]] properties of opium; the resulting solution is called Denarcotized Tincture of Opium or Deodorized Tincture of Opium (DTO).

Laudanum remains available by prescription in the United States and theoretically in the United Kingdom, although today the drug's therapeutic indications are generally confined to controlling [[diarrhea]], alleviating pain, and easing [[Drug withdrawal|withdrawal symptoms]] in infants born to mothers [[Substance use disorder|addicted]] to [[heroin]] or other [[opioid]]s. Recent enforcement action by the U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) against manufacturers of [[paregoric]] and opium tincture suggests that opium tincture's availability in the U.S. may be in jeopardy.{{Citation needed|date=August 2016}}

The terms ''laudanum'' and ''tincture of opium'' are generally [[synonym|interchangeable]], but in contemporary medical practice the latter is used almost exclusively.

== History ==
[[Paracelsus]], a 16th-century [[German-speaking Swiss|Swiss-German]] [[alchemist]], experimented with various [[opium]] concoctions, and recommended opium for reducing pain. One of his preparations, a pill which he extolled as his "archanum" or "laudanum", may have contained opium.<ref name="Sigerist">{{cite journal |last1=Sigerist |first1=H. E. |title=Laudanum in the Works of Paracelsus |journal=Bull. Hist. Med. |date=1941 |volume=9 |pages=530–544 |url=http://www.samorini.it/doc1/alt_aut/sz/sigerist-laudanum-in-the-work-of-paracelsus.pdf |accessdate=5 September 2018}}</ref> Paracelsus' laudanum was strikingly different from the standard laudanum of the 17th century and beyond, containing crushed [[pearls]], [[musk]], [[amber]], and other substances.<ref name=Davenport-Hines>{{cite book
 | last = Davenport-Hines
 | first = Richard
 |author-link=Richard Davenport-Hines
 | title = The Pursuit of Oblivion
 | year = 2004
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dFRd2MMrtiUC&pg=PA31&dq=laudanum+history+paracelsus#PPA32,M1
 | accessdate = 2009-01-16
 | chapter = Early History
 | chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=dFRd2MMrtiUC&pg=PA31&dq=laudanum+history+paracelsus#PPA32,M1
 | ref = Davenport-Hines
 | isbn = 9780393325454
 }}</ref> One researcher has documented that "Laudanum, as listed in the ''London Pharmacopoeia'' (1618), was a pill made from opium, saffron, castor, [[ambergris]], musk and nutmeg".<ref>“''In the Arms of Morpheus: The Tragic History of Laudanum, Morphine, and Patent Medicines''”, by Barbara Hodgson. Buffalo, New York, USA. Firefly Books, 2001, page 45.</ref>

Laudanum remained largely unknown until the 1660s when [[England|English]] physician [[Thomas Sydenham]] (1624–1689) compounded a proprietary opium tincture that he also named laudanum, although it differed substantially from the laudanum of Paracelsus. In 1676 Sydenham published a seminal work, ''Medical Observations Concerning the History and Cure of Acute Diseases'', in which he promoted his brand of opium tincture, and advocated its use for a range of medical conditions.<ref name="Davenport-Hines"/> By the 18th century, the medicinal properties of opium and laudanum were well known, and the term "laudanum" came to refer to any combination of opium and alcohol. Several physicians, including John Jones, John Brown, and George Young, the latter of whom published a comprehensive medical text entitled ''Treatise on Opium'', extolled the virtues of laudanum and recommended the drug for practically every ailment.<ref name="Davenport-Hines"/> "Opium, and after 1820, morphine, was mixed with everything imaginable: mercury, hashish, cayenne pepper, ether, chloroform, belladonna, whiskey, wine and brandy."<ref>“''In the Arms of Morpheus: The Tragic History of Laudanum, Morphine, and Patent Medicines''”, by Barbara Hodgson. Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books, 2001, page 104.</ref>

[[File:Whalley "Confessions of a laudanum drinker", 1866 Wellcome L0016409.jpg|thumb|''Confessions of a laudanum drinker'', The Lancet, 1866.]]
As one researcher has noted: "To understand the popularity of a medicine that eased—even if only temporarily—coughing, diarrhoea and pain, one only has to consider the living conditions at the time". In the 1850s, "[[cholera]] and [[dysentery]] regularly ripped through communities, its victims often dying from debilitating diarrhoea", and [[dropsy]], [[Tuberculosis|consumption]], [[Fever|ague]] and [[rheumatism]] were all too common.<ref>''In the Arms of Morpheus: The Tragic History of Laudanum, Morphine, and Patent Medicines'', by Barbara Hodgson. Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books, 2001, pages 44-49.</ref>

By the 19th century, laudanum was used in many [[patent medicine]]s to "relieve [[pain]] ... to produce [[sleep]] ... to allay irritation ... to check excessive secretions ... to support the system ... [and] as a [[soporific]]".<ref name=Potter>{{cite book
 | last = Potter
 | first = Sam'l O. L.
 | title = A Compend of Materia Medica, Therapeutics, and Prescription Writing
 | year = 1902
 | url = http://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/potter-comp/index.html
 | accessdate = 2007-10-13
 | chapter = Opium
 | chapterurl = http://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/potter-comp/papaver-somn.html
 | ref =Potter
 }}</ref><ref>''Licit & Illicit Drugs'', by [[Edward M. Brecher]] and the Editors of Consumer Reports. Boston, USA. Little, Brown and Company, 1972. See chapter 1, "Nineteenth-century America-a 'dope fiend's paradise'", pages 3-7.</ref> The limited [[pharmacopoeia]] of the day meant that opium derivatives were among the most effective of available treatments, so laudanum was widely prescribed for ailments from [[common cold|colds]] to [[meningitis]] to [[heart|cardiac]] [[disease]]s, in both adults and children. Laudanum was used during the [[yellow fever]] [[epidemic]].

Innumerable Victorian women were prescribed the drug for relief of [[Dysmenorrhea|menstrual cramps]] and vague aches. Nurses also spoon-fed laudanum to infants. The [[Romanticism|Romantic]] and [[Victorian era|Victorian]] eras were marked by the widespread use of laudanum in Europe and the United States. [[Mary Todd Lincoln]], for example, the wife of the US president [[Abraham Lincoln]], was a laudanum addict, as was the English poet [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], who was famously interrupted in the middle of an opium-induced writing session of ''[[Kubla Khan]]'' by a "[[person from Porlock]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lincoln.coffeetownpress.com/|title=Camel Press|website=lincoln.coffeetownpress.com}}</ref> Initially a working class drug, laudanum was cheaper than a bottle of [[gin]] or [[wine]], because it was treated as a medication for legal purposes and not taxed as an [[alcoholic beverage]].

Laudanum was used in home remedies and prescriptions, as well as a single medication. For example, a 1901 medical book published for home health use gave the following two "Simple Remedy Formulas" for "dysenterry"{{sic}}: (1) Thin boiled starch, 2 ounces; Laudanum, 20 drops; "Use as an injection [meaning as an [[enema]]] every six to twelve hours"; (2) Tincture rhubarb, 1 ounce; Laudanum 4 [[Dram (unit)|drachms]]; "Dose: One teaspoonful every three hours." In a section entitled "Professional Prescriptions" is a formula for "diarrhoea (acute)": Tincture opium, deodorized, 15 drops; Subnitrate of bismuth, 2 drachms; Simple syrup, {{1/2}} ounce; Chalk mixture, 1{{1/2}} ounces, "A teaspoonful every two or three hours to a child one year old." "Diarrhoea (chronic)": Aqueous extract of ergot, 20 grains; Extract of nux vomica, 5 grains; Extract of Opium, 10 grains, "Make 20 pills. Take one pill every three or four hours."<ref>''Medicology or Home Encyclopedia of Health'', by Joseph G. Richardson. New York, Philadelphia and London: University Medical Society, 1901, pages 1276 and 1282.</ref>

The early 20th century brought increased regulation of all manner of narcotics, including laudanum, as the addictive properties of opium became more widely understood, and "patent medicines came under fire, largely because of their mysterious compositions".<ref name="Morpheus 2001, page 126">''In the Arms of Morpheus: The Tragic History of Laudanum, Morphine, and Patent Medicines'', by Barbara Hodgson. Buffalo, New York, USA. Firefly Books, 2001, page 126.</ref> In the US, the [[Food and Drug Act of 1906]] required that certain specified drugs, including alcohol, [[cocaine]], [[heroin]], [[morphine]], and [[cannabis]], be accurately labeled with contents and dosage. Previously many drugs had been sold as patent medicines with secret ingredients or misleading labels. Cocaine, heroin, cannabis, and other such drugs continued to be legally available without prescription as long as they were labeled. It is estimated that sale of patent medicines containing opiates decreased by 33% after labeling was mandated.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=7VrQy2d8PxYC|first=David F.|last= Musto|authorlink=David F. Musto|year= 1999|edition=3|title=The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control|publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]}} {{ISBN|0-19-512509-6}}</ref> In 1906 in Britain and in 1908 in [[Canada]] "laws requiring disclosure of ingredients and limitation of narcotic content were instituted".<ref name="Morpheus 2001, page 126"/>

The [[Harrison Narcotics Tax Act]] of 1914 restricted the manufacture and distribution of opiates, including laudanum, and [[coca leaf|coca]] derivatives in the US. This was followed by France's ''{{lang|fr|Loi des stupéfiants}}'' in 1916, and Britain's Dangerous Drugs Act in 1920.<ref name="Morpheus 2001, page 126"/>

Laudanum was supplied to druggists and physicians in regular and concentrated versions. For example, in 1915, Frank S. Betz Co., a medical supply company in Hammond, Indiana, advertised Tincture of Opium, U.S.P., for $2.90 per lb., Tincture of Opium Camphorated, U.S.P, for 85 cents per lb., and Tincture of Opium Deodorized, for $2.85 per lb.<ref>''Frank S. Betz Co. 1915 Catalog No. N-15''. Second edition. Hammond, Indiana, USA. Frank S. Betz Co., page 320.</ref> Four versions of opium as a fluid extract were also offered: (1) Opium, Concentrated (assayed) "For making Tincture Opii (Laudanum) U.S.P. Four times the strength of the regular U.S.P." tincture, for $9.35 per pint; (2) Opium, Camphorated Conc. "1 oz. making 8 ozs. Tr. Opii Camphorated U.S.P (Paregoric)" for $2.00 per pint; (3) Opium, Concentrated (Deodorized and Denarcotized) "Four times the strength of tincture, Used when Tinct. Opii U.S.P. is contraindicated" for $9.50 per pint, and (4) Opium (Aqueous), U.S.P., 1890, "Tr. (assayed) Papayer Somniferum" for $2.25 per pint.<ref>''Frank S. Betz Co. 1915 Catalog No. N-15''. Second edition. Hammond, Indiana, USA. Frank S. Betz Co., page 318.</ref>

In 1929–30, Parke, Davis & Co., a major US drug manufacturer based in Detroit, Michigan, sold "Opium, U.S.P. (Laudanum)", as Tincture No. 23, for $10.80 per pint (16 fluid ounces), and "Opium Camphorated, U.S.P. (Paregoric)", as Tincture No. 20, for $2.20 per pint. Concentrated versions were available. "Opium Camphorated, for U.S.P. Tincture: Liquid No. 338" was "exactly 8 ''times the strength of Tincture Opium Camphorated (Paregoric)'' [italics in original], U.S.P., "designed for preparing the tincture by direct dilution," and cost $7 per pint. Similarly, at a cost of $36 per pint, "Opium Concentrated, for U.S.P. Tincture: Liquid No. 336", was "four times the strength of the official tincture", and "designed for the extemporaneous preparation of the tincture".<ref>''1929–1930 Physicians' Catalog of the Pharmaceutical and Biological Products of Parke, Davis & Company'', pages 87-88.</ref> The catalog also noted: "For quarter-pint bottles add 80c. per pint to the price given for pints."

Toward the middle 20th century, the use of opiates was generally limited to the treatment of pain, and opium was no longer a medically accepted "cure-all". Further, the pharmaceutical industry began synthesizing various [[opioid]]s, such as [[propoxyphene]], [[oxymorphone]] and [[oxycodone]]. These synthetic opioids, along with [[codeine]] and [[morphine]] were preferable to laudanum since a single opioid could be prescribed for different types of pain rather than the "cocktail" of laudanum, which contains nearly all of the opium alkaloids. Consequently, laudanum became mostly obsolete as an [[analgesic]], since its principal ingredient is [[morphine]], which can be prescribed by itself to treat pain. Until now, there has been no medical consensus on which of the two (laudanum or morphine alone) is the better choice for treating pain.

In 1970, the US adopted the [[Uniform Controlled Substances Act]], which regulated opium tincture (Laudanum) as a [[Controlled Substances Act#Schedule II controlled substances|Schedule II]] substance (currently DEA #9630),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.justice.gov/dea/pubs/scheduling.html|title=visited July 31, 2010). Also under Schedule II are opium extracts, opium fluidextract, opium poppy (''Papaver somniferum''), granulated opium, powdered opium, and raw or gum opium, each with an individual DEA number.}}</ref> placing even tighter controls on the drug.

By the late 20th century, laudanum's use was almost exclusively confined to treating severe [[diarrhea]]. The current prescribing information for laudanum in the US states that opium tincture's sole indication is as an anti-diarrheal, although the drug is occasionally prescribed [[off-label]] for treating pain and [[neonatal withdrawal syndrome]].

== Historical varieties ==
[[File:Old bottle of laudanum (ca. 1950s).jpg|thumb|upright|Italian Sydenham laudanum tincture from the 1950s]]
Several historical varieties of laudanum exist, including [[Paracelsus]]' laudanum, [[Thomas Sydenham|Sydenham]]'s Laudanum (also known as ''tinctura opii crocata''), benzoic laudanum (''tinctura opii benzoica''),<ref>Belgische Farmacopee, 5de uitgave, 1966; part 3.</ref> and deodorized tincture of opium (the most common contemporary formulation), among others. Depending on the version, additional amounts of the substances and additional active ingredients (e.g. [[saffron]], [[sugar]], [[eugenol]]) are added, modifying its effects (e.g., amount of [[sedation]], or [[antitussive]] properties).

There is probably no single reference that lists all the pharmaceutical variations of laudanum that were created and used in different countries during centuries since it was initially formulated. The reasons are that in addition to official variations described in pharmacopeias, pharmacists and drug manufacturers were free to alter such formulas. The alcohol content of Laudanum probably varied substantially; on the labels of turn-of-the-century bottles of Laudanum, alcoholic content is stated as 48%. In contrast, the current version of Laudanum contains about 18% alcohol.

The four variations of laudanum listed here were used in the United States during the late 19th century. The first, from an 1870 publication, is "Best Turkey opium 1 oz., slice, and pour upon it boiling water 1 gill, and work it in a bowl or mortar until it is dissolved; then pour it into the bottle, and with alcohol of 70 percent proof {{1/2}} pt., rinse the dish, adding the alcohol to the preparation, shaking well, and in 24 hours it will be ready for us. Dose—From 10 to 30 drops for adults, according to the strength of the patient, or severity of the pain. Thirty drops of this laudanum will be equal to one grain of opium. And this is a much better way to prepare it than putting the opium into alcohol, or any other spirits alone, for in that case much of the opium does not dissolve."<ref>A. W. Chase, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BETiAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Dr. Chase's Recipes]''. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Published by R. A. Beal, 1870, page 133.</ref> The remaining three formulas are copied from an 1890 publication of the day:
# Sydenham's Laudanum:<ref>Thomas Sydenham, an English physician, formulated this version of Laudanum in the 1660s.</ref> "According to the ''Paris Codex'' this is prepared as follows: opium, 2 ounces; saffron, 1 ounce; bruised cinnamon and bruised cloves, each 1 drachm; sherry wine, 1 pint. Mix and macerate for 15 days and filter. Twenty drops are equal to one grain of opium."
#Rousseau's Laudanum: "Dissolve 12 ounces white honey in 3 pounds warm water, and set it aside in a warm place. When fermentation begins add to it a solution of 4 ounces selected opium in 12 ounces water. Let the mixture stand for a month at a temperature of 86° Fahr.; then strain, filter, and evaporate to 10 ounces; finally strain and add 4{{1/2}} ounces proof alcohol. Seven drops of this preparation contain about 1 grain of opium."
#Tincture of Opium (Laudanum), U.S.P., attributed to the ''United States Pharmacoepia of 1863'': "Macerate 2{{1/2}} ounces opium, in moderately fine powder in 1 pint water for 3 days, with frequent agitation. Add 1 pint alcohol, and macerate for 3 days longer. Percolate, and displace 2 pints tincture by adding dilute alcohol in the percolator."<ref>''Encyclopedia of Practical Receipts and Processes'', by William B. Dick. Fifth edition. New York: Dick & Fitzgerald, Publishers, 1890, pages 416, 447 and 472.</ref>

== Modern status ==

===United States===
Tincture of Opium is available by [[Medical prescription|prescription]] in the United States. It is regulated as a [[List of Schedule II drugs|Schedule II]] drug (No. 9639) under the [[Controlled Substances Act]].

In the United States, opium tincture is marketed and distributed by several pharmaceutical firms, each producing a single formulation of the drug, which is deodorized. Each mL contains 10 mg of anhydrous morphine (the equivalent of 100 mg of [[List of Schedule II drugs|powdered opium]]), other opium alkaloids (except [[noscapine]]), and ethanol, 19%. It is available packaged in bottles of {{Convert|4|USoz|mL|spell=in|0}} and {{Convert|16|USoz|USpt mL|0}}.

Tincture of Opium is known as one of many "unapproved drugs" regulated by the U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA); the marketing and distribution of opium tincture prevails today only because opium tincture was sold prior to the Federal Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act of 1938.<ref name="Unapproved Drugs">{{cite web|url = http://www.ijpc.com/RxTriad/pdf/RxTriad_V09_N02_Sample.pdf|title = Unapproved Drugs, What's the Big Deal?|accessdate = 2009-01-03|publisher = International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding, Winter 2006}}</ref> Its "grandfathered" status protects opium tincture from being required to undergo strict FDA drug reviews and subsequent approval processes. However, the FDA closely monitors the labeling of opium tincture. Bottles of opium tincture are required by the FDA to bear a bright red "[[poison|POISON]]" label given the potency of the drug and the potential for overdose (see discussion about confusion with Paregoric below). Additionally, in a warning letter to a manufacturer of opium tincture in late 2009, the FDA noted that "we found that your firm is manufacturing and distributing the prescription drug Opium Tincture USP (Deodorized – 10 mg/mL). Based on our information, there are no FDA-approved applications on file for this drug product."<ref>https://www.fdanews.com/ext/resources/files/archives/o/Ohm-Laboratories-WL.pdf</ref>

===United Kingdom===
Opium tincture remains in the [[British Pharmacopoeia]], where it is referred to as Tincture of Opium, B.P., Laudanum, Thebaic Tincture or Tinctura Thebaica, and "adjusted to contain 1% w/v of anhydrous morphine."<ref>''The Extra Pharmacopeia Martindale''. Vol. 1, 24th edition. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1958, page 924.</ref> It is a [[Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act|Class A]] substance under the Misuse of Drugs Act of 1971. At least one manufacturer 

== Pharmacology ==
Opium tincture is useful as an [[analgesic]] and [[antidiarrheal]]. Opium enhances the [[muscle tone|tone]] in the long segments of the [[Gastrointestinal physiology#Segmentation|longitudinal muscle]] and inhibits propulsive [[Gastrointestinal physiology#Contraction patterns|contraction]] of [[Gastrointestinal physiology#Segmentation|circular]] and longitudinal muscles. The pharmacological effects of opium tincture are due principally to its morphine content. 

Oral doses of opium tincture are rapidly absorbed in the [[gastrointestinal tract]] and metabolized in the [[liver]]. Peak plasma concentrations of the morphine content are reached in about one hour, and nearly 75% of the morphine content of the opium tincture is excreted in the urine within 48 hours after oral administration.

== Medical uses ==

===Diarrhea===
Opium tincture is indicated for the treatment of severe [[fulminant]] (intense, prolific) [[diarrhea]] that does not respond to standard therapy (e.g., [[Imodium]] or [[Lomotil]]).<ref name="Opium Tincture Package Insert and Prescribing Information"

===Pain===
Given its high concentration of morphine, opium tincture is useful for treating moderate to severe pain. The amount of codeine in the tincture is negligible and does not have any appreciable analgesic effect. The dose of tincture is generally the same as that of morphine in [[Drug-naïve|opioid-naïve]] patients, titrated upward as needed. The usual starting dose in adults is 1.5 mL by mouth every 3 to 4 hours, representing the equivalent of 15 mg—approximately {{1/4}} grain—of morphine per dose.

Opioid-tolerant patients may require higher than normal dosing. For the opioid tolerant patient, doses in the range of 3–6 mL every 3–4 hours would be usual. This would represent an equivalent daily dose of between 180 mg and 480 mg of morphine.

Today, morphine and codeine are available in various forms as single formulation products, which are easier to dose and are much cheaper than opium tincture. Thus, opium is rarely prescribed to treat pain in contemporary medicine. Further, opium tincture contains 17–19% alcohol, by volume, which may complicate its use as an analgesic in patients for whom alcohol is contraindicated.

===Dosage===
Extreme caution is advised when administering doses of Tincture of Opium. Doses should be carefully measured using an oral syringe or calibrated dropper. Apothecary measurements should be avoided in contemporary medical prescriptions, and the prescriber should dose opium tincture in mL or fractions thereof. If in the prescriber's judgment dosing in [[drop (unit)|drop]]s would be appropriate, it should be borne in mind that in contemporary medicine, there are 20 drops per mL.

The differences between Tincture of Opium (Laudanum) and Camphorated Tincture of Opium (Paregoric) are important and should be kept in mind when administering either of these drugs. Care and caution should always be taken in administering doses of Tincture of Opium, such as the use of a dosage syringe or other suitable measurement device, and by pharmacists in preparing Paregoric from Laudanum, and to note that the dosages in this article refer to Apothecaries weight and fluid measure. In particular, "the difference between a minim and a drop should be borne in mind when figuring doses. [Arithmetic of Pharmacy'', by A. B. Stevens. 6th edition, revised and enlarged by Charles H. Stocking and Justin L. Powers. New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1926, page 2]

== Hazards ==
===Potency of laudanum===
Opium tincture is one of the most [[Potency (pharmacology)|potent]] oral formulations of morphine available by prescription. Accidental or deliberate [[overdose]] is common with opium tincture given the highly concentrated nature of the solution. Overdose and death may occur with a single oral dose of between 100 and 150 mg of morphine in a healthy adult who has no tolerance to opiates.<ref name="Morphine Sulfate">

===Side effects===
Side effects of laudanum are generally the same as with [[morphine]], and include [[euphoria]], [[dysphoria]], [[pruritus]], [[sedation]], [[constipation]], reduced [[tidal volume]], [[respiratory depression]], as well as [[Substance dependence|psychological dependence]], [[Drug tolerance|physical dependence]], [[miosis]], and [[xerostomia]]. Overdose can result in severe respiratory depression or collapse and death. The ethanol component can also induce adverse effects at higher doses; the side effects are the same as with alcohol.
Long-term use of laudanum in nonterminal diseases is discouraged due to the possibility of [[drug tolerance]] and addiction. Long-term use can also lead to abnormal liver function tests; specifically, prolonged morphine use can increase [[Alanine transaminase|ALT]] and [[Aspartate transaminase|AST]] blood serum levels.

===Treatment for overdose===
Life-threatening overdose of opium tincture owes to the preparation's morphine content. Morphine produces a dose-dependent depressive effect on the respiratory system, which can lead to profound respiratory depression, hypoxia, coma and finally respiratory arrest and death. If overdose of opium tincture is suspected, rapid professional intervention is required. The primary concern is re-establishing a viable airway and institution of assisted or controlled ventilation if the patient is unable to breathe on his own. Other supportive measures such as the use of [[vasopressors]] and oxygen may be indicated to treat cardiac and/or pulmonary failure. Cardiac arrhythmias or arrest will require advanced life-saving measures.

Intravenous [[naloxone]] or [[nalmefene]], quick-acting opioid antagonists, are the first-line treatment to reverse respiratory depression caused by an overdose of opium tincture. Gastric lavage may be of some use in certain cases.

==In fiction==
{{More citations needed|date=January 2017}}
*Laudanum appears in [[Charles Baudelaire]]'s "The Double Room," published in [[Le Spleen de Paris|Paris Spleen]] in 1869.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/283741|title=Four-Page Translation of Charles Baudelaire's Prose Poem, "The Double Room"|last=|first=|date=|website=The Met Museum|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
*Laudanum is portrayed as the surgical drug of choice for fifteenth-century physicians in [[Lawrence Schoonover]]'s novel ''The Burnished Blade'' (1948), the plot of which deals in part with the smuggling of expensive raw opium into France from the [[Empire of Trebizond]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oudl.osmania.ac.in/bitstream/handle/OUDL/8081/212450_The_Burnished_Blade.pdf?sequence=2|title=''The Burnished Blade''|last=Shellabarger|first=Samuel|date=1949|publisher=London: Macmillan & Co.|pages=145, 184–187|accessdate=2014-07-03}}</ref>
*Dr [[Stephen Maturin]], one of the main characters in [[Patrick O'Brian]]'s [[Aubrey–Maturin series]] of novels about the Napoleonic wars, is a sometime laudanum addict.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPeRfe717usC&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=dr.+stephen+maturin+surgeon|title=Doctors in Fiction: Lessons from Literature|last=Surawicz|first=Borys|date=2009|publisher=Radcliffe Publishing|page=19|accessdate=2014-07-03|isbn=9781846193286}}</ref>
*[[Wilkie Collins]]' novel ''[[The Moonstone]]'' (1868) features laudanum "as an essential ingredient of the plot." Collins based his description of the drug's effects on his own experiences with it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/1991/nov/21/biography.wilkiecollins|title=Heroine, and after that the laudanum|last=Clayton|first=Sylvia|date=November 21, 1991|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=2014-07-03}}</ref> 
*A laudanum-addicted character also appeared in Wilkie Collins' novel ''[[Armadale (novel)|Armadale]]'' (1864–66).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/armadale02collgoog#page/n140/mode/1up|title=''Armadale''|last=Collins|first=Wilkie|date=1866|publisher=London: Smith, Elder & Co.|page=122|accessdate=2014-07-03}}</ref>
*In [[Mary Shelley]]'s novel ''[[Frankenstein]]'' (1818), Victor Frankenstein takes laudanum as his only means of sleeping and thus preserving his life while in recovery from months of fever and a series of horrible events.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Frankenstein|last=Shelley|first=Mary|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=197–198|quote=Ever since my recovery from the fever I had been in the custom of taking every night a small quantity of laudanum; for it was by means of this drug only that I was enabled to gain the rest necessary for the preservation of life. Oppressed by the recollection of my various misfortunes, I now swallowed double my usual quantity and soon slept profoundly. But sleep did not afford me respite from thought and misery; my dreams presented a thousand objects that scared me.|via=}}</ref>
*In ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' (1852), an anti-slavery novel by [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]], a slave named Cassy talks about how she killed her newborn by laudanum overdose to spare him from experiencing the horrors of slavery.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/203?msg=welcome_stranger|title=Uncle Tom's Cabin|first=Harriet Beecher|last=Stowe|date=January 13, 2006|via=Project Gutenberg}}</ref>
*In [[William Faulkner]]'s novel ''[[Requiem for a Nun]]'' (1951), Compson, Doctor Peabody, and Ratcliffe give whiskey tainted with laudanum to a group of rowdy lynchers and a militia band that had joined together. Upon their falling asleep, they were gathered up and locked in jail while still unconscious.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.potolkimaker.com/second/William-Faulkner/requiem-for-a-nun.html|title=REQUIEM FOR A NUN {{!}} William Faulkner|last=Administrator|website=www.potolkimaker.com|access-date=2016-09-11}}</ref>
* In Sara Collins' novel "The Confessions of Frannie Langton" (2019) the titular character becomes addicted to laudanum.

== See also ==
* ''[[Confessions of an English Opium-Eater]]''
* [[Kendal Black Drop]]
* [[Poppy tea]]

{{Antidiarrheals, intestinal anti-inflammatory/anti-infective agents}}
{{Cough and cold preparations}}
{{Opioidergics}}

[[Category:Antidiarrhoeals]]
[[Category:Combination drugs]]
[[Category:History of pharmacy]]
[[Category:Opiates]]
[[Category:Swiss inventions]]
[[Category:Tinctures]]