Fort Leavenworth, Kansas

Fort Leavenworth History

File:Fort Leavenworth Sutlers House.jpg

Fort Leavenworth Old Sutlers House

For 30 years, Fort Leavenworth was the chief base of operations on the Indian frontier. In 1839, Colonel Stephen Watts Kearny marched against the Cherokees with 10 companies of Dragoons, the largest U.S. mounted force ever assembled. Throughout the Mexican-American War, Fort Leavenworth was the outfitting post for the Army of the West.

During these early years, soldiers from Fort Leavenworth protected wagon trains hauling supplies over the Santa Fe Trail, Oregon Trail, and other trails to most forts, posts and military camps of the West, some as far as the Pacific Ocean. When the Kansas Territory was organized in 1854, Governor Andrew Reeder set up executive offices on post and lived for a short time in the quarters now known as "The Rookery".

Arsenal

In 1858, an ordnance depot was established on Fort Leavenworth and by 1860 it had become the 138‑acre Leavenworth Arsenal. In 1861 the arsenal was threatened by Confederate sympathizers and several companies of infantry were ordered to Leavenworth Arsenal from Fort Kearny (2) to protect it. The arsenal remained in operation throughout the U.S. Civil War and continued until 1872 when its functions were transferred to the Rock Island Arsenal. Two stone buildings were constructed to support the arsenal functions and these buildings became quartermaster buildings when the arsenal moved.

The two arsenal buildings still survive on post and are known as Sherman Hall and Sheridan Hall. The two buildings were joined with an auditorium, sally port and clock tower in 1908 and the central addition became Grant Hall. A third story was later added to each building.

U.S. Civil War

At the outbreak of the U.S. Civil War, Camp Lincoln was established on post as a reception and training station for Kansas volunteers. News of the approach of Confederate Gen. Sterling Price in 1861 prompted construction of Fort Sully, a series of earthworks for artillery emplacements on Hancock Hill, overlooking what is now the Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery. In August, 1861, General Sterling Price and his pro-Confederate Missouri State Guard scored a victory at the Battle of Wilson’s Creek in Missouri, and fears spread that Price would continue northwest and attempt to capture Fort Leavenworth. Price made it as far as Liberty, fifty miles from the Fort, before he turned south and retreated into Arkansas. The earthworks were probably constructed beginning in 1861 when Colonel Alfred Sully was the commandant at Fort Leavenworth, and when Price made his first forays into the area. The ridge crest was fortified with earthen embankments, ramparts, gun emplacements and rifle pits. During its long history, the post was never subject to enemy attack.

For three decades following the war, the Army's chief mission was control of the American Indian tribes on the Western plains. Between 1865 and 1891, the Army had more than 1,000 combat engagements with Apache, Modoc, Cheyenne, Ute, Nez Perce, Comanche, Kiowa, Kickapoo and other tribes. Template:Clr

Post Civil War

In 1866, the U.S. Congress authorized the formation of four black regiments—the 24th U.S. Infantry and 25th U.S. Infantry Regiments and the 9th U.S. Cavalry and 10th U.S. Cavalry Regiments. The 10th U.S. Cavalry Regiment was formed at Fort Leavenworth under the command of Colonel Benjamin H. Grierson. Today, a monument stands at Fort Leavenworth in tribute to the "Buffalo Soldiers" of the 9th U.S. Cavalry and 10th U.S. Cavalry Regiments.

In 1881, Gen. William T. Sherman established the School of Application for Cavalry and Infantry. That school evolved into the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth.

World War I

World War I was the first opportunity to evaluate the impact of Sherman's school. Graduates excelled in planning complex American Expeditionary Forces operations. By the end of the war, they dominated staffs throughout the AEF. In the years between the World Wars, graduates included such officers as Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar N. Bradley Template:Cullum and George S. Patton

World War II

During World War II, some 19,000 officers completed various courses at Fort Leavenworth. By the end of 1943, commanders and staffs of 26 infantry, airborne and cavalry divisions had trained as teams at the school.

Superior Site

Fort Leavenworth, from which the county and city derive their names, was established May 8, 1827.

As early as March 7, 1927, Colonel Henry Leavenworth, Third United States Infantry, was directed to take four companies of his regiment, ascend the Missouri river and, at some point on its left bank within twenty miles of the mouth of the Little Platte river, either above or below its confluence, to select such position as, in his judgment, would be best calculated for a permanent cantonment.

He explored the regions and failing to find a desirable site, he wrote to the Department that there was no available site for a military post on the left bank of the Missouri within the distance mentioned. He reported he had proceeded up the river some twenty miles and found a very good site for a cantonment on the right bank of the Missouri, about twenty miles from the mouth of the Little Platte.

Erects Barracks

Early in July, before the official approval of his selection reached him, he began the erection of barracks. He named the post "Cantonment Leavenworth." September 19, 1827, the official approval was received by Major General Gaines, commanding the Western department, and the site selected by Col. Leavenworth thus became the permanent site of the most important military post ever established by the government in the West.

Once since its establishment, May 16, 1829, the garrison was withdrawn for three months, leaving only a small guard at the Fort. August 12, 1829, it was re-occupied, and has been garrisoned by troops uninterruptedly since that time. It was known, until February 8, 1832 as Cantonment Leavenworth, at which time the Secretary of war directed that all cantonments be called forts—thereafter, in all army orders it was designated as Fort Leavenworth.

First Postmaster

The postoffice at Fort Leavenworth was established under the name of Cantonment Leavenworth, in Clay county, Mo., October 16, 1828, with Thomas S. Bryant as postmaster.

The first record in the office of the adjutant general, defining the boundaries of Fort Leavenworth Military Reserve, bears date of June 21, 1838. At that time its limits were defined as follows:

"The land held as reserved, extends from six to seven miles along the Missouri river, and varies from one to two miles wide, with about 6,840 acres."

"The reservation is on the right bank of the Missouri river, and about 150 feet above its surface. Latitude 30 degrees, 21 minutes north; longitude 04 degrees, 44 minutes west."

It at present comprises an area of about nine square miles, being bounded; on the north and east by the Missouri river; south by the city of Leavenworth, and west by the town of Kickapoo. The general proportions of the tract have not been materially changed since first defined.

Beautiful Site

Whatever military advantages decided Col. Leavenworth in selecting the site, they were certainly in accord with the tastes for the most ardent and exacting demands of the lover of the beautiful. From the high bluffs that front the Missouri river the land slopes westward in gentle undulation, broken by occasional abrupt elevations, just sufficient to give variety to the landscape. Heavy wood covered the land adjacent to the river, thinning out somewhat and opening into a natural shaded park a short distance from the river bluff where the barracks were built.

A description in Hale's History of Kansas (1855) reads as follows:

"It is the greatest frontier depot for the other military posts on the Santa Fe Oregon routes, and the general rendezvous for troops proceeding to Western forts.

"There is a good landing for steamboats. All the buildings are well constructed of stone, and present quite an imposing appearance. they consist of the barracks for the troops, a large structure three stories high; a hospital, which cost from $12,000 to $15,000; the quartermaster's building, a capacious warehouse, etc.; connected with the fort is a large farm.

Protect Traders

At this time (1854) the fort was garrisoned by one company of the Fourth Artillery and one of the First Dragoons, under Col. Fauntleroy.

The Fort was first established the protection of the Santa Fe traders from the incursions of the Indians, who had begun a system of raiding and plunder on the caravans of traders passing yearly, in increasing numbers, over the route.

It was at first garrisoned by four companies of the Third Infantry, under command of Maj. Baker. This was a part of the regiment of Col. Leavenworth, the founder of the post.

The troops for several years were seriously afflicated(sic) with climatic diseases, which resulted in the summer of 1829 in the removal of almost the entire garrison to the plains, as has been before stated.

Up to 1845, the history of the fort has no special interest to the general reader, beyond that of any remote military post of the government. The war with Mexico, the subsequent acquisition of California, New Mexico, and part of Colorado, the consequent tide emigration to the far western territories and the Pacific coast have combined to render it a point of historic as well as picturesque interest.

Through all the changes of the intervening years it has been the great source of supply and main point of departure for the government expositions, whether peaceful or hostile, as well as the immense tide of western emigration which set in, in 1946, and went on unceasing and increasing, until the transcontinental railway diverted it to a safer and more rapid path of transit.

It was the rendezvous of Gen. Kearney's troops in June, 1846, and their starting point in his Santa Fe expedition. The expedition of Gen. Joseph Lane of Oregon, 1948; and Capt. Stansbury to Utah in 1849, were both fitted at this point.

Fremont Explorations

Col. Freemont also started thence on his expedition of 1849. The new military road (new in 1850) from Fort Leavenworth to Fort Kearney and Laramie, on the Upper Platte, became the great thoroughfare of the western emigrants to Oregon, California and Utah. Upwards of 70,000 men, women and children with wagons, horses, flocks and herds innumerable, passed over this road in 1849-50.

During the border troubles and intestine(sic) wars of territorial Kansas, the troops stationed at Fort Leavenworth played no unimportant part, as related in the general history. They were alternately the hope and fear of the contending parties. The fort was also designated, in the Territorial act, as the temporary seat of government, and was, at that time (May, 1854), the only place in the Territory having any buildings or conveniences for the government officials.

Prominent Officers

Many of the flower of the army--indeed, most of them--who gave their blood free as water to their country, spent portions of their service at Fort Leavenworth.

Gallant, chivalrous Reno was the ordinance officer here when the war cloud came, but was soon called to Washington to accept a major general's commission--and a glorious grave.

The aesthetic and precise Bankhead Magruder commanded the fort once, prior to the unpleasantness, and was a good showman or ringleader. He instituted pageants for its edification, sham battles and such like. The artillery boomed over the prairies and reverberated through the fastnesses, much to the Post's amusement. Magruder was expensive--a sort of military dandy--but popular, doubtless, with the powder contractors.

Sturgis sowed his wild oats here abouts, and, seventy-five years ago, probably was the most powerful men in the army. He could readily pitch any ordinary man across a fence, but was withal, a most courtly officer and thorough gentleman.

Custer was here frequently after the war, with the glorious Seventh Cavalry, and his lovely wife reigned as one of the queens of society.

General Hancock was once quartermaster at the Fort and afterwards became department commander.

Colonel May, the Steels, Bragg, Canby, Meiggs, Kearney, Marcy, Swift, Sully, Mills, Sacket, Sedgwick, and, indeed, all the old army officers, have sojourned for a time at this garrison.

General Phillip H. Sheridan had his headquarters at Fort Leavenworth. He probably would have remained here until his death, as he liked the Fort and enjoyed the society hereabouts, had it not been for a little faux pas. One of the justices of the peace fined the dashing cavalryman one hundred dollars for contempt of court.

Romance at Old Cantonment Leavenworth, The Marriage of 2d Lt. Phillip St. George Cooke in 1830, by Hamilton Gardner

Summer 1956 (Vol. 22, No. 2), pages 97 to 113; Transcribed by Barbara Hutchins; digitized with permission of the Kansas Historical Society.

Fort Leavenworth . . . a "fort" by courtesy, or rather by order; . . . was in reality but a straggling cantonment, but on an admirable site. The Missouri, in an abrupt bend, rushes with wonderful swiftness against a rock-bound shore; from this the ground rises with a bold sweep to a hundred feet or more, then sloping gently into a shallow vale, it rises equally again, and thus are formed a number of hills, which are to the north connected by a surface but slightly bent, to which the vale insensibly ascends; every line of every surface is curved with symmetry and beauty. On these hill-tops, shaded by forest trees, stands Fort Leavenworth. On the one hand is to be seen the mighty river, winding in the distance through majestic forests and by massive bluffs, stretching away till mellowed to aerial blue; on the other, rolling prairies, dotted with groves, and bounded on the west by a bold grassy ridge; this, inclosing in an elliptical sweep a beautiful amphitheater, terminates five miles southward in a knob, leaving between it and the river a view of the prairie lost in a dim and vague outline. . . . [1]

THUS young 2d Lt. Philip St. George Cooke [2] records his impressions of Cantonment Leavenworth when he first saw it May 15, 1829. Established only two years previously by Col. Henry Leavenworth, [3] some time still elapsed before it attained the dignity of a fort. Cooke's future military career was destined

to be cast in major part in service connected with this historic post and at one time he commanded it.

Cooke was born near Leesburg, Va., June 13, 1809, and was appointed a cadet in the United States Military Academy when only 14 years old. After graduation in the class of 1827 he was assigned to the 6th infantry at Jefferson Barracks, Mo. His initial arrival at Leavenworth was as a subaltern with Brev. Maj. Bennet Riley's Companies A, B, F and H, 6th infantry. The mission of the expedition was to escort the traders' caravan on its annual trip from Independence, Mo., to Santa Fe, N. M. Departing from Cantonment Leavenworth June 3, the column proceeded as far as the Arkansas river, which was then the international boundary, and awaited the return of the merchants from Santa Fe. There Cooke participated in the first of his many engagements with the Indians. The battalion returned to its home station November 8. [4] Cooke reports that it "took quiet possession of the miserable huts and sheds left by the 3d infantry the preceding May." [5]

I

Strength of the garrison at Cantonment Leavenworth during the winter of 1829-1830 continued pitifully small. Upon its return from the march along the Santa Fe trail the battalion numbered 12 officers and slightly fewer than 200 enlisted men. Facing the rigors of a winter season in the open prairies, almost completely isolated from civilization, it found questionable comfort and shelter in the existing "miserable huts and sheds." But such a situation could not be regarded as particularly unusual in the life of the frontier army posts of that period.

Normally it could hardly be expected that a lowly junior lieutenant such as Cooke would figure in the important functions of even so small a station as Leavenworth. Yet the incomplete surviving records of that first winter bring to light some of his official activities.

His first concern had to do with completing the daily "Journal" of the previous summer's march to the Arkansas and, under Major Riley's supervision, the final "Report" on it. The major had specifically assigned him to prepare these two documents, even though in normal procedure it would have been the duty of the expedition's

ROMANCE AT OLD CANTONMENT LEAVENWORTH 99

adjutant, 2d Lt. James F. Izard, to make the journal entries. [6] Riley forwarded the "Report" through channels November 24.

CANTONMENT LEAVENWORTH

Nov. 24th, 1829 SIR: I have the honor to enclose you for the Dept. a Report of my Campaign on the Santa Fe Trace on the Arkansas last summer as also the Journal kept by Lt. Cooke with the several documents connected therewith. . .

I have the honor to be With Great Respect Esteem Your Most. Obt. St. B. RILEY0 Major U. S. Army [7]

To. BRIGR GENL LEAVENWORTH Comg. Right W. W. Dept One of the critical events during the expedition arose from the conduct of Capt. Joseph Pentland in connection with an attack by the Comanche Indians on the Arkansas river August 11, 1829. [8] After submitting the "Journal" Cooke, in a desire to be absolutely accurate, requested that a change be made in a pertinent entry. Originally he had referred to one of the units engaged as "light Co. B, then under the command of Lt. Dorr."

At this representation of Capt. Pentland I am convinced that this expression may have been the unintended cause of misapprehension. Capt P upon that occasion was offr. of the Day; during the time consumed in reaching the body of the guard, his company had left the camp to attack the enemy: nevertheless Capt. P. received instructions which body to command; in time to take charge of his company, I think, before it was engaged; at his command at its head during the whole of the skirmish. . . . [9]

On several occasions in his later career Cooke took what appeared to be rather determined action in asserting financial claims against

the War Department with respect to matters incidental to his service. The first such instance arose in connection with his work in keeping the "Journal."

Sources

• From the collections at the Leavenworth County Historical Society and Museum. The Leavenworth County Historical Society and Museum and the Leavenworth Times. Debra Graden.
• http://skyways.lib.ks.us/genweb/leavenwo/library/LEAVWRTH.htm

• Fort Leavenworth Dragoons
• Template:Frazer, page 56
• Template:Hart, page 61
• Template:Roberts. page 296-297

• North American Forts - Fort Leavenworth
• Wikipedia - Fort Leavenworth
• A Brief History of Fort Leavenworth 1827-1983
• National Registry of Historic Places Application - Fort Leavenworth
• https://www.kshs.org/p/romance-at-old-cantonment-leavenworth/13117

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